14. Cognitive Architectures

This verification is made via simulation experiments performed with the help of a corresponding AI system.

Jean Piaget—a professor of psychology at the Rousseau Institute in Geneva. He is known primarily for his theory of cognitive development and epistemological research with children.

Information perceived by humans is assimilated according to pre-existing cognitive schemas. However, if this is not possible, because the information perceived does not fit these schemas, they are altered to take into account the new experience, which is called accommodation.

These theories are introduced in the next part of the book.

We discuss kinesthetic intelligence in the next chapter.

For example, such mechanisms are implemented in cognitive architecture systems, such as Soar and ACT-R mentioned in the first chapter.

As is discussed in Chap.  8, as well.

Our agent should be able to go to any world of labyrinths, assuming paths in such a world are characterized by some regularities (i.e., they can be described by some principles).

The example is discussed in the paper Flasiński M.: Automata-based multi-agent model as a tool for constructing real-time intelligent control systems. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 2296 (2002), 103–110.

This is an ETPL(k) graph grammar introduced in Chap.  8 and formally defined in Appendix E.

A multi-agent system is a distributed system, i.e., it is a system consisting of independent computing components. An asynchronous way of computing means here that we do not assume any time restrictions for performing computations by these components. Of course, if we were able to impose time restrictions (the synchronous model), then we would be able to control the whole computing process. Unfortunately, in multi-agent systems we cannot assume what length of time an agent requires to solve its subproblem.

The example is discussed in the paper: Behrens U., Flasiński M., et al.: Recent developments of the ZEUS expert system. IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 43 (1996), 65–68.

Changes of internal states of an agent can be simulated with the help of a finite automaton introduced in Chap.  8.

The difference between a reflex agent and a reflex agent with internal states is analogous to the difference between a human being who reacts immediately, in a non-reflexive manner, after perceiving a stimulus and a human being who does not react at once, but observes a situation and then takes an action if his/her internal state changes (e.g., from being calm to being annoyed).

Magda B. Arnold—a professor at Loyola University in Chicago and Harvard University. Her work mainly concerns psychology of emotions. She was known as a indefatigable woman. In her nineties she was climbing hills. She died when she was nearly 99 years old.

The Sprachspielen concept is introduced in Chap.  15.

John Langshaw Austin—a professor of philosophy at Oxford University, one of the best known scientists of the British analytic school. His work concerns philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of perception.

The example is discussed in the paper Flasiński M.: Automata-based multi-agent model as a tool for constructing real-time intelligent control systems. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 2296 (2002), 103–110.